What Is an Internship according to UK Laws on Internships
UK laws on internships don’t define internships as a single legal category. Instead, your rights depend on how the internship is structured. Here’s how it breaks down:
- Workers: Interns with set duties or contracts must be paid the minimum wage.
- Volunteers: Helping a charity or nonprofit, with no pay except expenses.
- Student Interns: Part of a university course, unpaid if under 12 months.
- Shadowing: Pure observation with no tasks—payment not required.
The label “internship” doesn’t determine your rights. Your duties and setup do.
Laws on Internships: Key Features of a Legal Internship
A legal internship follows UK laws on internships and protects both the intern and the employer. Whether you’re a student or recent graduate, here are the key features of a compliant internship:
- Correct classification: You’re clearly identified as a worker, student intern, or volunteer.
- Fair compensation: If you’re doing real work, you’re paid at least the National Minimum Wage.
- Written terms: You receive a clear agreement outlining responsibilities and duration.
- Educational value: Unpaid internships must primarily benefit your learning.
- Compliance with labour laws: Includes safe conditions, rest breaks, and anti-discrimination protections.
A good internship isn’t just helpful—it’s legally sound and fair.
Who is Entitled to the National Minimum Wage?
When addressing the National Minimum Wage (NMW) for interns, UK laws on internships draw a clear distinction: whether you’re entitled to pay depends on if you’re legally considered a “worker”. Simply holding the title “intern” doesn’t negate this requirement.
An intern is generally entitled to NMW if they meet any of the following criteria:
- You have a contract (even unwritten or implied) to do work or services personally.
- You are required to perform tasks or turn up for set hours.
- The employer has work for you to do, and you are expected to do it.
- You receive money or a ‘benefit in kind,’ such as a promise of a future job, in exchange for your work.
Laws on Internships: Promised Jobs and Pay Requirements
If an intern is promised a future job, the law may classify them as a worker, making them legally entitled to the National Minimum Wage.
Even without a written contract, consistent duties and the expectation of future employment can trigger payment requirements. Under UK laws on internships, a clear job offer tied to performance often means the internship must be paid.
Previous National Minimum Wage Rates (April 2024)
- Aged 21 and over: £11.44 per hour
- Aged 18-20: £8.60 per hour
- Under 18 or Apprentice: £6.40 per hour.
New National Minimum Wage Rates (April 2025)
- Aged 21 and over: £12.21 per hour
- Aged 18-20: £10.00 per hour
- Under 18 or Apprentice: £7.55 per hour.
These rates are updated annually. Check the official government website for the latest information.
When Interns Don’t Get Paid: UK Laws on Internships
Even with strict UK laws on internships, there are specific, legally defined situations where interns are not entitled to receive the National Minimum Wage. It’s vital for both interns and employers to understand these exemptions to ensure compliance and avoid exploitation.
Interns typically don’t get paid if their placement is:
- Part of a UK Higher Education Course: A mandatory component of a university or college degree.
- School Work Experience: For students of compulsory school age undertaking a placement through their school.
- Genuine Voluntary Work: Performed solely for a charity or voluntary organisation, receiving no pay beyond limited expenses.
- Pure Work Shadowing: Involving only observation of an employee, without performing any actual work or duties.
Internship Laws Abroad: What You Need to Know
- Spain & Italy: Unpaid internships allowed if part of a degree program. Pay is optional but common.
- France: Internships over 2 months must be paid a legal minimum (approx. €4.35/hour).
- Germany: Mandatory internships (for study) can be unpaid; voluntary ones usually require minimum wage.
- USA: Unpaid internships allowed only if they meet strict Department of Labor criteria—mainly for educational benefit.
- Netherlands: Student internships often unpaid, but a small allowance is typical.
- Australia: Internships must be part of formal education or otherwise must be paid.
What are Internship Agreements and Why They Matter
Internship agreements are written documents that outline the terms and conditions of an internship.
They typically include details about the role, duration, responsibilities, compensation (if applicable), and any legal rights of the intern.
These agreements are essential for setting clear expectations and ensuring compliance with labor laws.
- For interns: They provide clarity on their rights and protections.
- For employers: They help avoid misunderstandings and ensure legal obligations are met.
A well-drafted agreement fosters transparency, professionalism, and a positive working relationship between both parties.
Example of a Standard Internship Agreement
The Future of Unpaid Internships: How Laws Are Changing
The future of unpaid internships is evolving as laws increasingly prioritize fairness and accessibility.
In the UK, the National Minimum Wage Act ensures that interns classified as workers must be paid, reducing exploitative practices.
Proposed legislative changes, such as banning unpaid internships not linked to education, aim to promote social mobility and equal opportunities.
These changes reflect growing societal awareness of the financial barriers unpaid internships create, particularly for underprivileged candidates.
Internationally, countries are adopting stricter regulations, requiring employers to offer fair compensation or structured educational benefits.
As laws continue to change, both employers and interns must stay informed to ensure compliance and foster ethical, inclusive practices that prioritize skill development and fair treatment.
Other Key Employment Rights for Interns
If you’re classed as a worker, you’re entitled to more than just the National Minimum Wage. UK laws on internships also grant interns important employment protections, including:
- Holiday pay: Paid leave for eligible workers, including part-time interns.
- Protection from discrimination: Covered under the Equality Act 2010.
- Rest breaks: At least 20 minutes for shifts over 6 hours.
- Safe working conditions: Employers must follow health and safety laws.
- Payslips: A written breakdown of pay and deductions.
These rights apply when your internship meets the legal definition of work. If you’re doing real tasks, you likely qualify for these protections—whether you’re called an intern or not.
Intern Rights Under Discrimination and Harassment Laws
Interns in the UK are protected under the Equality Act 2010, which prohibits discrimination based on age, race, gender, disability, religion, or sexual orientation.
Employers must ensure a safe and respectful workplace, free from harassment or victimization.
If an intern experiences or witnesses discrimination or harassment, they can take action by reporting the issue internally or seeking external support.
Interns can contact the following organizations for guidance and assistance:
| Organization | Role/Support Provided | Contact Information |
|---|---|---|
| Acas | Advice on workplace rights and mediation | Helpline: 0300 123 1100 |
| Citizens Advice | Free legal advice on discrimination and harassment | Website: citizensadvice.org.uk |
| Equality Advisory and Support Service (EASS) | Support for discrimination cases under the Equality Act | Helpline: 0808 800 0082 |
How to Report Unlawful Practices
- Internally: Report the issue to a supervisor, HR department, or a designated contact within the organization.
- Externally: If internal reporting fails, file a complaint with Acas or seek legal advice through organizations like EASS or Citizens Advice.
Clear documentation of incidents, including dates, times, and witnesses, strengthens any complaint and helps ensure appropriate action is taken.
Benefits of Internships for University Students
- Hands-On Experience: Practical exposure to real-world tasks and industry practices.
- Skill Development: Opportunities to learn and improve job-specific and transferable skills.
- Increased Employability: Enhances resumes and prepares individuals for future roles.
- Fair Compensation: Paid internships provide financial support, making them more accessible.
- Recognition of Value: Paid opportunities reflect employers’ respect for intern contributions.
- Inclusive Environment: Reduces financial barriers, allowing more candidates to participate.
- Networking Opportunities: Build connections with industry professionals and mentors.
- Pathway to Employment: Often leads to full-time roles or valuable recommendations.
Alternatives to Traditional Internships
- Curricular Internships: Work placements integrated into academic programs, earning credits while gaining industry experience.
- Extracurricular Internships: Independent opportunities outside of academic requirements, allowing for flexible exploration of career interests.
- Erasmus Internships: Gain international experience through the Erasmus+ program.
- Placement Years: Year-long industry experience as part of a degree.
- Apprenticeships: Combine work and training with recognized qualifications.
- Freelance Projects: Build a portfolio with short-term or freelance work.
- Volunteer Work: Develop skills while contributing to non-profits or communities.
- Online Internships: Flexible, remote opportunities in various industries.
- Short-Term Placements: Focused work experience lasting a few weeks or months.
- Startup Roles: Diverse experience in fast-paced, innovative environments.
- Entrepreneurial Projects: Launch personal projects to develop practical skills.
- Work Shadowing: Observe professionals to learn about career paths.
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